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Living systems display complex behaviors driven by physical forces as well as decision-making. Hydrodynamic theories hold promise for simplified universal descriptions of socially generated collective behaviors. However, the construction of such theories is often divorced from the data they should describe. Here, we develop and apply a data-driven pipeline that links micromotives to macrobehavior by augmenting hydrodynamics with individual preferences that guide motion. We illustrate this pipeline on a case study of residential dynamics in the United States, for which census and sociological data are available. Guided by Census data, sociological surveys, and neural network analysis, we systematically assess standard hydrodynamic assumptions to construct a sociohydrodynamic model. Solving our minimal hydrodynamic model, calibrated using statistical inference, qualitatively captures key features of residential dynamics at the level of individual US counties. We highlight that a social memory, akin to hysteresis in magnets, emerges in the segregation–integration transition even with memory-less agents. While residential segregation is a multifactorial phenomenon, this physics analogy suggests a simple mechanistic explanation for the phenomenon of neighborhood tipping, whereby a small change in a neighborhood’s population leads to a rapid demographic shift. Beyond residential segregation, our work paves the way for systematic investigations of decision-guided motility in real space, from micro-organisms to humans, as well as fitness-mediated motion in more abstract spaces. 

In active materials, motor proteins produce activity while also modulating elasticity. 

Hydrodynamic theories effectively describe many-body systems out of equilibrium in terms of a few macroscopic parameters. However, such parameters are difficult to determine from microscopic information. Seldom is this challenge more apparent than in active matter, where the hydrodynamic parameters are in fact fields that encode the distribution of energy-injecting microscopic components. Here, we use active nematics to demonstrate that neural networks can map out the spatiotemporal variation of multiple hydrodynamic parameters and forecast the chaotic dynamics of these systems. We analyze biofilament/molecular-motor experiments with microtubule/kinesin and actin/myosin complexes as computer vision problems. Our algorithms can determine how activity and elastic moduli change as a function of space and time, as well as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or motor concentration. The only input needed is the orientation of the biofilaments and not the coupled velocity field which is harder to access in experiments. We can also forecast the evolution of these chaotic many-body systems solely from image sequences of their past using a combination of autoencoders and recurrent neural networks with residual architecture. In realistic experimental setups for which the initial conditions are not perfectly known, our physics-inspired machine-learning algorithms can surpass deterministic simulations. Our study paves the way for artificial-intelligence characterization and control of coupled chaotic fields in diverse physical and biological systems, even in the absence of knowledge of the underlying dynamics. 

Abstract Over the past few decades, the measurement precision of some pulsar timing experiments has advanced from ∼10 μ s to ∼10 ns, revealing many subtle phenomena. Such high precision demands both careful data handling and sophisticated timing models to avoid systematic error. To achieve these goals, we present PINT ( P INT I s N ot T empo3 ), a high-precision Python pulsar timing data analysis package, which is hosted on GitHub and available on the Python Package Index (PyPI) as pint-pulsar . PINT is well tested, validated, object oriented, and modular, enabling interactive data analysis and providing an extensible and flexible development platform for timing applications. It utilizes well-debugged public Python packages (e.g., the N um P y and A stropy libraries) and modern software development schemes (e.g., version control and efficient development with git and GitHub) and a continually expanding test suite for improved reliability, accuracy, and reproducibility. PINT is developed and implemented without referring to, copying, or transcribing the code from other traditional pulsar timing software packages (e.g., Tempo / Tempo2 ) and therefore provides a robust tool for cross-checking timing analyses and simulating pulse arrival times. In this paper, we describe the design, use, and validation of PINT , and we compare timing results between it and Tempo and Tempo2 .